Component composition of intercultural communication models

The article examines the component composition of various models of intercultural communication and analyzes their effectiveness. The models of intercultural communication by E. Hull and R. Lewis are considered. At the end of the article the author's model of intercultural communication is proposed, which takes into account the dynamics of changes in modern global interactions. The authors consider the importance of each component and its contribution to successful communication, and propose an inclusive approach that emphasizes the importance of flexibility and openness in communication processes.

Keywords: intercultural communication, model, component, cultural differences, communication competence, intercultural interaction, low-context cultures, globalization, proxemics.

Intercultural communication is a complex process of interaction between people from different cultures, which depends on many factors. To study it, various models have been developed that examine the components that influence the success of communication. Edward Hall's model is one of the fundamental models in the study of intercultural communication, proposed by American anthropologist Edward T. Hall in the 1950s-1960s. Hall identified key parameters affecting intercultural communication, including context, temporal reference points, and spatial representations, which reflect fundamental differences in world perception and communication between cultures. [1] Hall divided cultures into high-contextual and low-contextual cultures. This division helps to assess how important non verbal communication is and how it affects the understanding of information.

High-contextual cultures (e.g., Japan, China, Arab countries) rely on covert, nonverbal cues and contextual information. People in such cultures often take words as part of a larger context in which not everything said is always meant to be taken literally. [6] In such societies, the ability to «read between the lines» is valued, and much of the meaning is conveyed through cues, intonation, gestures, and cultural expectations. (see Table 1) Low-context cultures (e.g., the United States, Germany, Scandinavian countries) convey information mainly through words. [6] Communication here is direct and detailed, which minimizes uncertainty and misunderstanding. People in such cultures speak directly, without unnecessary hidden meanings, as it is accepted that meaning should be clear and obvious. (See Table 1)

Table 1

Differences between high-contextual and low-contextual cultures

For example, a person from Japan may express disagreement nonverbally, avoiding a direct «no». Whereas in the U. S., a person may express disagreement directly, since direct refusal is considered the norm and nonverbal cues may not be effective.

Proxemics , a term introduced by Hall [1959], describes the perception and use of space in different cultures. Spatial behavior includes the physical distance people choose to maintain when interacting, as well as the perception of personal space. In cultures with large personal space, people are accustomed to keeping a large physical distance when interacting, especially with unfamiliar people. Violating this distance can cause discomfort and be perceived as an invasion of personal space. In cultures with less personal space, people tend to be closer to each other and more relaxed about physical contact. Here it is considered normal, for example, to stand closer to the interlocutor, to touch him/her in the process of communication [4]. (See Table 2)

Table 2

Perception and use of space in different cultures

People from linear-active cultures prefer to work in a planned, consistent manner and on a strict schedule. [3] They are results-oriented and stick to the facts. Main characteristics: logic and analysis, clear adherence to time and deadlines, high degree of formality in communication, focus on one task, direct and structured communication. (see Table 3)

Table 3

Linear-active cultures

Examples of countries: USA, Germany, Switzerland, UK.

Representatives of multi-active cultures are oriented to multitasking, social connections and emotionality in communication. [3] They change priorities easily and attach great importance to personal relationships. The main characteristics are: emphasis on emotions and social connections, flexibility with regard to time and schedule, frequent improvisation instead of strict planning, emotional and chaotic communication. (see Table 4)

Table 4

Multi-active cultures

Examples of countries: Italy, Spain, Mexico, Brazil, India.

Reactive cultures favor listening and analysis. [3] Representatives of these cultures avoid direct confrontation and seek harmony in relationships. Their approach to interaction is characterized by caution and respect. Their main characteristics are: emphasis on listening and reflection, conflict avoidance, slow and careful decision making, preference for indirect and unobtrusive communication, and a high degree of respect for the interlocutor. (see Table 5)

Table 5

Examples of countries: Japan, China, South Korea, Finland, Vietnam.

It is worth noting that Lewis's model has been recognized for its practical applicability, but has been criticized for its generalization (not all representatives of one country fit the description of their culture), its failure to take into account internal cultural differences (different cultural types may exist within one country), and the obsolescence of the data (with the development of globalization, many cultural features are becoming less pronounced). Nevertheless, his model remains a useful tool for understanding cultural differences, especially in intercultural communication.

Based on the above models, a more flexible and inclusive model «Model of intercultural communication» can be proposed that takes into account both traditional components and contemporary challenges of globalization. The main components of this model include (See Picture 1):

1. Communication flexibility: the ability of communicators to adapt their communication style depending on the context. This includes both the ability to move between high- and low-context styles, and between linear-active and multi-active behavior.
2. Emotional openness: the importance of not only logical aspects, but also the ability to express and understand emotions. Modern communication requires empathy and emotional intelligence.
3. Technological component: in the context of globalization and digitalization, it is important to take into account the use of different communication platforms. For example, differences in the perception and use of social media can lead to misunderstandings if cultural differences are not taken into account.
4. Mediator of cultural differences: the importance of the involvement of a mediator who can ensure understanding of cultural differences and conflict prevention.
5. Ethics and respect: A key component of successful communication is recognizing the importance of being ethical and respectful of another's culture. It is important to avoid bias and discrimination based on cultural differences.
6. Openness to learn: everyone involved in intercultural communication must be willing to constantly learn about the characteristics of other cultures, as globalization leads to constant change.

Fig. 1. Model of intercultural communication

The article reviewed Edward Hall and Richard Lewis' models of intercultural communication, which are valuable tools for analyzing and understanding cultural differences. Hall's model emphasizes the importance of such aspects as the context of communication, attitudes to time and space, showing how expectations and norms of behavior vary across cultures. Lewis' model, in turn, divides cultures into linear-active, multi-active, and reactive types, allowing for a deeper understanding of interaction approaches, work habits, and communication styles. These concepts help to build more conscious communication with people from different cultures, avoid misunderstandings and effectively establish intercultural cooperation.

From the analysis of the models we can understand that in order to successfully interact with people from different cultures it is necessary to take into account their approach to time, perception of personal space and communication preferences. Understanding cultural differences makes it possible to adapt one's behavior and communication style, which helps to reduce conflicts and build trust. In addition, applying these models to real-life situations can enhance the effectiveness of business communication, learning interactions, and any form of intercultural exchange.

However, it is important to realize that Hall's and Lewis's models, while providing a general overview of different cultures, do not capture their complexity. The modern world is characterized by globalization, which leads to the gradual erasure of cultural boundaries and the increasing complexity of cultural identities. Therefore, models need to be used flexibly, taking into account internal differences in cultures and individual differences.

References:

1. Hall, E. T. (1959). The Silent Language. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
2. Lewis, Richard D. When Cultures Collide: Leading Across Cultures. Boston: Nicholas Brealey, 2006.
3. When cultures collide: managing successfully across cultures 1996, N. Brealey Pub.
4. Edward T. Hall «The Hidden Dimension» 1966
5. Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating Across Cultures. The Guilford Press.
6. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond Culture. Doubleday.