Отправьте статью сегодня! Журнал выйдет 26 июля, печатный экземпляр отправим 30 июля
Опубликовать статью

Молодой учёный

On lexicographic definition of automobile road construction terms

Общее и прикладное языкознание
3
Поделиться
Библиографическое описание
Валиев, Туйчи Коржобов. On lexicographic definition of automobile road construction terms / Туйчи Коржобов Валиев. — Текст : непосредственный // Филология и лингвистика. — 2017. — № 1 (5). — URL: https://moluch.ru/th/6/archive/45/1135/.


Automobile road construction as top priority economic policy of Uzbekistan is extensively developing. New technologies are being introduced in production, modern tech equipment are being applied. Automobile road construction being a separate branch of general tech & science is intensively developing keeping to international standards. Quality changes have taken place, as the branch develops on the principles of science — production harmony, resulting tremendous changes in terminology system. Before the Independence, due to the fact that Russian was the language of science and production the layer of automobile road construction terminology, being of the internal microsystems of the Uzbek language remained undeveloped. Thanks to the fact that the Uzbek language gained the statues of State Language office and correspondence work in this branch and education in secondary special and higher system, undergoing radical reform changes in training highly qualified specialists are being carried out completely in Uzbek. Consequently, a great deal of work have been carried out in reviewing language units related to the branch of terminological system, term formation, borrowing, in general, terminology developing. In particular, creation of the Russian-Uzbek automobile road construction dictionary was a desirable event. At the same time, a number of existing units of other terminological systems in the Uzbek language have been entered into the automobile road construction terminology system related to «automobile road» semantics. A great deal of words and word combinations used in every day speech have acquired terminological sense. But still there are a number of problems awaiting solutions in terms of improving and developing this branch of terminology as required by the present day life activities.

Needs and requirements of a certain period reflected in Linguistics are clearly seen first of all in Lexicography. «As language develops quick, rapid and considerable changes take place in vocabulary stock than the other layers of a language. Certainly, the reasons are clear. These changes reflect not only quantity but also quality developments in vocabulary. Developments and changes in vocabulary are natural linguistic phenomena manifested in appearing new lexical units or disappearing of certain units (becoming obsolete), some words acquiring new meaning and losing some meanings. In this process various changes in relationship of vocabulary to literary standards and usage take place. When these changes reach certain points there is a need for research work explaining them in terms of theory and practice. One of the main practical works is to compile defining, historical and etymological dictionaries» [10. 5].Today the role of the Uzbek as a state language is steadily gaining importance in social life and it has been restored in widest sense of word as a real national value and this is a great event for the nation without exaggeration. «During the years of Independence the sphere of the Uzbek language usage has practically widened a lot, a great deal of scientific researches aimed at further developing of the language are being carried out with subsequent publications of science and popular books, academic manuals and number of dictionaries all contributing to further developing in terms of society cognition» [3, 86]. However, there are certain problems in this field. Particularly, since the Russian for a long period was the language of science, education, production and office language we can note the old state of affairs still remaining in number of branches of terminological system. In this sense as our president Islam Karimov underlined «especially, wide usage of our mother tongue in most important spheres such as basic sciences, modern communication and information technologies, bank — finance system, publication of etymological and comparative dictionaries, working out necessary terms and expressions, notions and categories, in short, thorough developing of the Uzbek language on solid scientific basis, without any doubt, will promote to national self-cognition, sacred feelings towards Motherland» [3, 87].

We can hardly say that automobile road construction terms are orderly arranged in Uzbek as to sources and choosing words for «Defining Dictionary of Automobile Road Construction Terms». This is proved by the mere fact that there is no any defining dictionary in this field so far. First and most of all, compiling a shorter defining dictionary covering the most active words in this field, and then extending and further developing would certainly fill the gap existing in terminology. As mentioned above, the only existing Russian-Uzbek translation dictionary does not meet the demands for modern dictionaries. While choosing words for automobile road construction terms we have to rely on many various sources. The might be grouped as following:

  1. dictionaries of terms, reference books, encyclopedias in Russian and other foreign languages related to automobile road;
  2. dictionaries of terms, reference books, encyclopedias in Uzbek related to automobile road;
  3. defining dictionaries and encyclopedias in Russian and other foreign languages;
  4. defining dictionaries and encyclopedias in Uzbek;
  5. tech- technological terms dictionaries, reference books and encyclopedias in Russian and other foreign languages;
  6. text books and manuals, educational- methodical complexes.

Terms in the present sources, as mentioned above, are grouped as:

  1. terms mainly used in automobile road construction, partly used in other fields;
  2. terms equally used in automobile road construction and in other fields;
  3. terms used mainly in other fields and partly in automobile road construction.

Lexeme vocabulary consists of vocabulary articles in word form and expression terms. By terms in form of lexeme we mean root and derivational lexemes. Some grammatically formed lexemes in the word form can also function as a term: as in шиббалаш (compaction), текислаш (grading), текислагич (grader), etc. They (lexeme, combination and word forms) are termed in the dictionary as one indivisible head units as to analogy head word terms in defining dictionaries.Actually, as it is underlined by compiles of defining dictionaries «this term (i.e. head word – T.V.) is to be treated as a unit capable of make vocabulary article and explained in detail specifying and defining its meaning or meanings. When it is understood in this way, not only words entered in the dictionary, but also phrasal word combinationsтасдиқ қилмоқ(written separately) formed with use of helping words, and as well as set expressions formed with a participation of a word бош (for instance – боши осмонга етди, боши қотди)are considered as vocabulary units» [10. 336,337].

The present terminological dictionary words, like in defining dictionaries, have been arranged in alphabetical order. But it differs from traditional systematic-alphabetical dictionaries. Each extract defining the term is called a vocabulary article. So, in this terminological dictionary both vocabulary word (for example, ГАЛЕРИЯ) and vocabulary article (for example, «тоғ ёнбағридаги йўл устига темир-бетон плитадан айвон кўринишида қурилиб, транспорт оқимини кўчкидан ҳимоя қилишга мўлжалланган мухандислик иншооти «) are treated inextricably keeping to the dictionary compiling traditions.

  1. Vocabulary words. From the genetic point of view the following units make up the vocabulary words:

Borrowed terms:

  1. Root lexeme borrowed terms: грейдер, балкон, галерея etc.
  2. Formed lexeme borrowed terms: планировка, активатор, откос etc.

Origin layer terms:

  1. Russian-international root terms: нивелирлаш, хлорли, активатор, откосetc.
  2. Arabic-Farsi root terms: айвон, равоққулф,ҳавонetc.

The following terms as to their structure are included in vocabulary words:

  1. Simple root terms: йўл, балкон, галерияetc.
  2. Simple formed terms: битумли, асфальтлаш, текислашetc.
  3. Binomials terms: асфальт-бетон, темир-бетон, шлак–цемент etc.
  4. Combination of terms: қопламанинг нураши, мустаҳкамлик заҳираси (қўри), сирпаниш коэффиценти, тўшамаларнинг ўпирилиши, тоштахталарнинг лиқиллаши, жорий таъмир, емирилиш репери, қопламадаги силжиш, қирра синиши, йўл хизмати, йўлни сақлаш, бордюни тикламоқ, едирилиш қатлами, қор бўрони (қор уюмлари), қор тўсиқ, қорли машъал, қопламани тозалаш, музларнинг тирбандлиги, юкловчи, ғилдиракли экскаватор, ишлаб чиқаришни автоматизациялаштириш, бурғилаб ковламоқ, тебратиб зинчлаш.

From the point of application and usage the following automobile road construction terms have also been included in the dictionary:

  1. Archaic words such as: раҳа, нов, чақиқetc.
  2. Words related to everyday speech: текислаш, шиббалаш, тебратишetc.
  3. Dialectical words: чоркўча, чувиқ, новetc.

This way of choosing the words will help to compile shorter, concise and larger automobile road construction defining dictionaries.

In defining the meanings of terms in «A Shorter Defining Dictionary of Automobile Road Construction Terms» it is expedient to use efficiently the lexicographic traditions of the XX- th century during which the Uzbek philological science reached one of its peak. Since, «the XX-th century is noted to have been the most important period in the history of compiling Uzbek dictionaries. During this period a number of terminological dictionaries pursuing different purposes were published, educational and spelling dictionaries, bilingual and trilingual phrase books were created. Here, first of all, we can mention Russian-Uzbek and Uzbek – Russian, as well as, dictionaries aimed at comparative learning of the Uzbek language to other European and Oriental languages [1; 2; 3; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 11]» [10]. The Defining Dictionary of the Uzbek language in 5 volumes and «Uzbek National Encyclopedia» in 12 volumes, created in the new century, are known as the new and bright pages in the history of Uzbek lexicography.

The Uzbek dictionary compilers gained solid experience in creating various types of dictionaries, defining word meanings. Thus appeared various terminological dictionaries widely and efficiently defining terms. However, in some cases- in structuring dictionaries one could observe some deviations from existing lexicographic definitions of word meanings. Moreover, absence of linguists-lexicographers among compilers resulted in those imperfections.

We tried to give the road construction terms in compliance with the lexicographic trends and rules established in Uzbek linguistics.

Terms in the dictionary are usually given in indefinite grammar forms. As in other cases some words are given in definite grammar forms. Here the unit together with the grammar form of a word is considered as lexeme. Here also in the defining dictionary «head words (notional words) are given in the zero (head form) form. We followed the rule that the term «form» is conditional and does not have any grammatical meaning» [5]. For example, халқаавтомобилйўли, бўйламакесимюзидагиэгрилик, бир-биригатескарийўналганэгриликлар, etc.

The term under definition in general might be homonymous. In such cases we only give the meaning related to road construction. If there were any homonyms in this area, as in the defining dictionaries being highlighted with roman numerals, each head words might have been given. But we never came across with homonymous forms of terms used in automobile road construction area.

Verb terms are given in the non-finite form of (и)ш. But final verb used to define it is given in the form of мок. For example:

АСФАЛЬТЛАШ (v. asphalt) – автомобиль йўллари, кўча, аэродром ва ҳ.к. га асфальт-бетон қопламалар ётқизмоқ (laying automobile roads, streets, airdromes with asphalt-concrete).

None Turkish head wordsare supplied with etymological information.

ГРЕЙДЕР[ингл. grader ˂ grade- текисламоқ] йўлқурилишидайўлниочиш, созлаш, текислашучунишлатиладиганмашина (machine used in road construction for grading, leveling).

After etymological information a symbol — қ. (қаранг-see), aйн. (айнан-literally)is given.

Grammar and stylistic sighs are not given in the dictionary. It is worth to note that in the dictionary we gave and explained only the sememes of head words related to automobile road construction. Meanings of terms are presented through definition, description and explanation. Lexicographic meaning is given driving from the semantic structure of a term. For example:

Асфальт (аasphalt) –битумга майда минерал тўлдирғич қўшиб тайёрланадиган, қум, шағал, чақиқ тош аралаштирилиб йўл тўшамаси сифатида фойдаланиладиган, табиий ёки сунъий турдаги боғловчи қурилиш материали (construction material natural or artificial, prepared by adding small minerals into bitumen, sand, gravel or crashed stones and used for coating roads).

Йўл белгиси –ҳайдовчиларни автомобиль йўлларидаги қурилиш ҳақида огоҳлантиш ва хафли участкалардаги ҳаракатланишни тартибга солиш учун тегишли жойларга осиб қўйиладиган шартли белги (street sign – fixed at an appropriate places to control traffic at dangerous sections and warning drivers about the road building work).

As mentioned above, in defining the meaning of a term we followed the sequence of «same «types» – same expressing function of a denotation – same expressing the main features of a denotation – same expressing the structural and formation features of a denotation»:

Айвон – аҳоли тарқоқ яшайдиган худудлардаги маҳаллий аҳамиятга эга, камқатнов йўллар четида йўловчиларнинг кутиш чоғида ёғин ва қуёш нуридан сақланиш учун қурилган, катта бўлмаган иншоот (Shelter – a small structure, built at sides of less intensive traffic roads in sparsely populated areas for passengers to wait and protect themselves from the sun rays and precipitation).

Галерея –тоғ ёнбағридаги йўл устига темир-бетон плиталардан айвон кўринишда қурилиб, транспорт оқимини кўчкидан ҳимоя қилишга мўлжалланган мухандислик иншооти (Galleryreinforcement concrete engineering structure, erected at mountain roads to protect transport from avalanches and slides).

Бошмоқер юзасининг нисбий баландлигини ўлчаш учун қўлланадиган, пўлатдан тенг томонли учбурчак ёки думалоқ шаклда ясалган, 3–5 мм қалинлик ва игна узунлигидаги учли темир оёқларга эга бўлган, ўртача катталикдаги челакнинг таг қисмига тўғри келадиган (ҳажм) жиҳоз (Levelan instrument made of three equal triangle cast iron, 3–5 mm thick, having three needle shaped legs, used to measure/ survey the ground surface relative elevations).

In defining words synonyms have not been used. We have not used illustrating materials in defining meanings of terms.

References:

  1. Akmadjanov U., Ilyosov B. Uzbek-Russian Dictionary (in Latin graphic). — Tashkent, 1931.
  2. Zahiriy А. A. Concise Russian-Uzbek Dictionary. In 2 volumes. — Tashkent, 1927–28.
  3. Karimov I. A. The highest spirituality isan invincible power. –Tashkent: Мanaviyat, 2007.
  4. Polivanov E. D. A Shorter Russian-Uzbek dictionary. — Tashkent — Moscow, 1926.
  5. Rahmatiy S., Qodiriy A. A Larger Russian-Uzbek vocabulary. In 2 volumes (34 thousand words). — Tashkent- Kazan, 1934.
  6. Reshetov V. V. A shorter Uzbek-Russian Dictionary. — Tashkent, 1935.
  7. Russian –Uzbek Dictionary (78 thousand words). — Tashkent, 1950–55.
  8. Russian- Uzbek Dictionary (50 thousand words). — М., 1954.
  9. Uzbek — Russian Dictionary (40 thousand words). — М., 1959.
  10. The Uzbek Language Defining Dictionary: — Tashkent: «The Uzbekistan National Encyclopedia» State Science Publishing House, 2006.
  11. Udakhin K. K. A Shorter Uzbek-Russian Dictionary (in Arab graphic). — Тошкент, 1927.
Можно быстро и просто опубликовать свою научную статью в журнале «Молодой Ученый». Сразу предоставляем препринт и справку о публикации.
Опубликовать статью
Ключевые слова
term
dictionary
automobile road
lexeme
word form
combination
poly-functional terms
metaphoric
functional sememes
sememic chains
universals
polysemy
multifunction
homonymy
simple
compound
binomials
combination of terms
asphalt
traffic sign
shelter
gallery
level

Молодой учёный