The article systematically analyzes foreign and domestic theoretical and methodological concepts related to gender roles. The main goal is to compare structural-functionalism, social constructivism, feminist and intersectional directions, identify their conceptual apparatus and methodological features, as well as assess the conceptual development of Kazakhstani gender studies. The study used comparative analysis, systematic literature review and conceptual analysis methods. As a result, the relationship between universal and cultural-contextual models in explaining gender roles was determined, and the differences between traditional and egalitarian orientations were shown. At the same time, the main problems in domestic studies were identified as inconsistency of measurements and limited use of the intersectional approach. The conclusion substantiates the need to propose an integrative model that combines cultural-axiological and comparative approaches. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis for improving gender policy, education and social programs.