Выбор концепта «природа» («nature») обусловлен его значимостью в языковой картине мира мексикано — американцев, возможностью посредством его анализа установить восприятия и оценки действительности главных персонажей романа «Благослови, Ультима!».
Для дальнейшего анализа концепта «природа» считаем целесообразным рассмотреть толкование данного слова. По трактовке С. И. Ожегова, «природа — это все существующее во Вселенной, органический и неорганический мир; места вне городов (поля, леса, горы, водные пространства)» [1, с. 598].
Рассматривая лексему «природа», совокупность ее дериватов и синонимов в контексте теории лексико-семантического поля (ЛСП) можно выделить ядерную, околоядерную и периферийную зоны значений. В результате проведенного лингвистического исследования становится возможным определить состав и структуру ЛСП концепта «природа», являющейся основой для интерпретации языковой картины мира таких персонажей произведения как Ультима, Антонио Марец и Габриель Марец на лингвокогнитивном уровне структуры языковой личности.
В состав ЛСП Природа входит около 200 лексических единиц.
Ядерную зону ЛСП Природа составляет лексема природа, земля (earth) (40 %) в значении ‘органический и неорганический мир’:
1. “I watched closely how they worked the earth, the respect they showed it, and the way they cared for the life in the plant. Never once did I witness any disharmony between one of my uncles and theearth and work of the valley. Their silence was the language of the earth.” [2, c. 249];
2. “ Each night it filled the valley with standing in his field, listening to the plants sleep, listening to the resting earth.” (c. 249);
3. “I placed the owl in the grave and I put a large stone over it so the coyotes would not dig it out, then I covered the hole with the earth of the llano.” (c. 261);
4. “For Ultima, even the plants had a spirit, and before I dug she made me speak to the plant and tell it why we pulled it from its home in the earth.”(c. 39);
5. “It is the blood of the Lunas to be quiet, for only a quiet man can learn the secrets of the earth that are necessary for planting — They are quiet like the moon — And it is the blood of the Marez to be wild, like the ocean from which they take their name, and the spaces of the llano that have become their home.”(c. 41);
6. “The rich rancheros sucked the earth dry with their deep wells, and so the heavy snows had to come to replenish the water in the earth. You have used me too much, the wind says for the earth, you have sucked me dry and stripped me bare — “ (c. 191).
Околоядерную зону ЛСП Природа составляют:
1) Синонимы или лексико-семантические варианты (ЛСВ) имени поля природа, земля:
ЛСВ-1 земля (land) в значении ‘почва, поверхность’ (20 %):
1. “The land of the llano was not good for farming, the good land was along the river.” (c. 10);
2. “A long time ago,” she began, “the llano of the Agua Negra was the land of the Comanche Indians.” (с. 227);
3. “No, you couldn’t buy fertile landalong the river, you had to buy this piece of, of –“ (c. 52);
4. “That is why they call the land the ranches of the Agua Negra,” my father explained”. (c. 231).
ЛСВ-2 мать — природа (nature) в значении ‘органический мир’ (10 %):
1. “Like a young tree bends with the wind, so a man must bow to the earth — It is only when man grows old and refuses to admit his — tie and dependence on mother nature that the powers of mother nature will turn upon him and destroy him, like the strong wind cracks an old, dry tree.” (с. 192);
2. “The power of nature was great.”(c. 54);
3. “We can’t live without nature.”(c. 36).
ЛСВ-3 мир, свет (world) в значении ‘все существующее во Вселенной’(5 %):
1. “The vaqueros rode out and saw their flocks multiply; the herds of sheep and cattle grew. Everyone was happy, ah,” he whispered, “the llano can be the most beautiful place in theworld — but it can also be the cruelest.” (c. 191);
2. “The world can be changed.” (c. 124).
Периферийную зону ЛСП Природа образуют природные слова — реалии (25 %):
1. “The drone of the grillos and the sigh of the wind in the trees whispered the call of the soul of the river.“ (c. 256);
2. “The pain in my side was gone, and I did not feel the thorns of the cactus or the needles of yucca that pierced my legs and feet.” (c. 257);
3. “After I was born in Las Pasturas she persuaded my father to leave the llano and bring her family to the town of Guadalupe where she said there would be opportunity and school for us.” (c. 2);
4. “To get rid of it I ran to the pens we kept by the molino to feed the animals. I had fed the rabbits that night and they will had alfalfa and so I only changed their water.” (c. 7);
5. “On this side of the river there were only three houses. The slope of the hill rose gradually into the hills of juniper and mesquite and cedar clumps.” (c. 10);
6. “We wandered on and found some oregano, and we gathered plenty because this was not only a cure for coughs and fever but a spice my mother used for beans and meat. We were also lucky to find some osha, because this plant grows better in the mountains. It is like la yerba del manso, a cure for everything.” (c. 40);
7. “Ultima told me that when my brother Leon was born that his mollera was sunken in, and she had cured him with manzanilla.” (c. 42);
8. “There were plenty of animals to eat, strange trees that bore sweet fruit, sweet water to drink and for their fields of maiz — “(c. 80).
Лексему природа, земля (earth), номинирующую текстовый концепт, можно назвать ключевой, поскольку она отличается высокой степенью частотности и функционирования в тексте романа, несет важные смыслы, которые актуализируются в художественном тексте.
Синонимический ряд концепта «природа» представлен лексемами земля (land), мать — природа (nature), мир, свет (world), из которых доминантой является лексема земля (land). Это обусловлено не только частотностью данного слова, но и тем, что именно оно наиболее полно отображает значение и смысл исследуемого нами концепта и является приемлемым в данном художественном тексте.
Бесспорно, представления о семье в значительной степени формируют картину мира чикано. Концепт «семья», на наш взгляд, глубоко раскрывает восприятие действительности мексикано-американцев и является немаловажным фактором в определении их мировидения.
Согласно трактовке С. И. Ожегова «семья — это группа живущих вместе близких родственников» [1, с. 711] Рассматривая лексему «семья», совокупность ее дериватов и синонимов в контексте теории лексико — семантического поля (ЛСП) можно выделить ядерную, околоядерную и периферийную зоны значений. В результате проведенного лингвистического исследования становится возможным определить состав и структуру ЛСП концепта «семья», являющейся основой для интерпретации языковой картины мира таких персонажей произведения как Ультима, Мария Луна, Антонио Марец и Габриель Марец на лингвокогнитивном уровне структуры языковой личности.
В состав ЛСП Природа входит около 100 лексических единиц. Ядерную зону ЛСП Семья составляет лексема семья (family) (40 %) в значении ‘группа близких родственников’:
1. “After I was born in Las Pasturas she persuaded my father to leave the llano and bring her family to the town of Guadalupe where she said there would be opportunity and school for us.” (c. 2);
2. “There isn’t a family she did not help,” she continued, “no road was too long for her to walk to its end to snatch somebody from the jaws of death, and not even the blizzards of the llano could keep her from the appointed place where a baby was to be delivered — “ (c. 10);
3. “That is why my mother dreamed of me becoming a priest, because there had not been a Luna priest in the family for many years. “(c. 29);
4. “Always on the move, like gypsies, always dragging their families around the country like vagabonds” (с. 36);
5. “Go immediately to Miss Maestas. Tell her you are my boy. She knows my family. Hasn’t she taught them all? Deborah, take him to Miss Maestas.”(c. 54);
6. “Will you help this poor family, will you help my friends?” he asked. (c. 227);
7. “But it was true, the priest that came with the first colonizers to the valley of El Puerto had raised a family, and it was the branches of this family that now ruled the valley.” (c. 247).
Околоядерную зону ЛСП Семья составляют:
1) Синонимы или лексико — семантические варианты (ЛСВ) имени поля семья:
ЛСВ-1 дом (home) в значении ‘домашний очаг’ (25 %):
1. “It had guided me home from Lupito’s death, it had blinded Tenorio the night he came to hurt Ultima, the owl had driven away the howling animals the night we cured my uncle, and it had been there when the misery of the Tellez family was removed.” (c. 257);
2. The attic of our home was partitioned into two small rooms. My sisters, Deborah and Theresa, slept in one and I slept in the small cubical by the door. The wooden steps creaked down into a small hallway that led into the kitchen. From the top of the stairs I had a vantage point into the heart of our home, my mother’s kitchen. (c.1);
3. “Thank God you are home safe,” my mother said. “I must give thanks to the Virgin — “(c. 182);
4. “It is the blood of the Lunas to be quiet, for only a quiet man can learn the secrets of the earth that are necessary for planting — They are quiet like the moon — And it is the blood of the Marez to be wild, like the ocean from which they take their name, and the spaces of the llano that have become their home.”(c. 41);
5. “I wanted to go home.” (c. 34).
ЛСВ-2 дом (house) в значении ‘место, где живет семья’ (20 %):
1. “I looked at the house that my father and my brothers had built on the juniper — patched hill; it was quiet and peaceful in the blue night.” (c. 23);
2. “When we had first moved from Las Pasturas we had lived in a rented house in the town. But every evening after work he had looked across the river to these barren, empty hills, and finally he had bought a couple of acres and began building our house.” (c. 24);
3. “The day dawned, and already the time of youth was fleeing the house which the three giants of my dreams had built on the hill of juniper tree and yucca and mesquite bush. “(c. 27).
ЛСВ-3 поколение (generation) в значении ‘родственники одной степени родства по отношению к общему предку’ (5 %):
1. “Ay, every generation, every man is a part of his past. He cannot escape it, but he may reform the old materials, make something new –“(c. 247);
2. “My generation was different.” (c. 56).
Периферийную зону ЛСП Семья образуют бытовые слова — реалии (10 %):
1. “Si, papa,” I nodded, “but I cannot leave the owl.” (c. 259);
2. “Que lastima,” my mother answered, and I knew her nimble fingers worked the pattern on the doily she crocheted for the big chair in the sala. (c. 2);
3. There was always room in the safety and warmth of la familia for one more person, be that person stranger or friend. (c. 4).
Лексему семья (family), номинирующую текстовый концепт, можно назвать ключевой, поскольку она отличается высокой степенью частотности и функционирования в тексте романе, несет важные смыслы, которые актуализируются в художественном тексте. Синонимический ряд концепта «семья» представлен лексемами дом, домашний очаг (home), дом (house), поколение (generation), из которых доминантой является лексема дом (home). Это обусловлено не только частотностью данного слова, но и тем, что именно оно наиболее полно отображает значение и смысл исследуемого нами концепта и является приемлемым в данном художественном тексте.
Литература:
1. Ожегов, С. И. Толковый словарь русского языка / С. И. Ожегов. — Москва: Ити технологии, 2005. — 940 с.
2. Anaya, R. A. Bless me, Ultima / R. A. Anaya. — New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1972. — 262 p.
