The relative pronouns in modern English and ways of translating them into Uzbek



As we know in Modern English relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that, as) not only point back to a noun or a pronoun mentioned before but also have conjunctive power. They introduce attributive clauses. The word they refer to is called their antecedent. It may be a noun or a pronoun.

Who is used in reference to human beings or animals. For example:

Jolyon bit his lips; he who had always hated rows almost welcomed the thought of one now.

… in his voice was a strange note of fear that frightened the animal, who had never known the man speak in such way before.

Whose is mainly used in reference to human beings or animals but it may be applied to things.

Then there was the proud RychieKorbes, whose father, Mynbeer van Kortes, was one of the leading men of Amsterdam.

Again he (Soames) looked at her (Irene), huddled like a bird that is shot and dying, whose poor breast you see painting as the air is taken from it, whose poor eyes look at you who have shot it, with a slow, soft, unseeing look.

… he (superintendent) wore a stiff standing-collar whose upper edge almost reached his ears, and whose sharp points curved forward abreast the corners of his mouth…

Which is used in reference to things and animals.

Here was her own style — a bed which did not look like one and many mirrors.

They strove to steal a doe — the fattest, which was very thin — but I showed my pistol in their faces and told them be gone.

That is mainly used in reference to animals and things. It may also be used in reference to human beings.

This… gave him much the same feeling a man has when a dog that he owns wriggles and looks at him.

On one side was a low wall that separated it from the street.

In the factory quarter, doors were opening everywhere, and he was soon one of a multitude that pressed onward through the dark.

As usually introduces attributive clauses when the demonstrative pronoun such is used in the principal clause (it is a rare case when as is used without such in the principal clause).

As may refer to living beings and things.

… perhaps the books were right and there were many such as she (Ruth) in the upper walks of life.

His mother was a poor peasant woman, too poor even to think of such a thing as buying skates for her little ones.

For nobody’s ever heard me say as it wasn’t lucky for my children to have aunts and uncles as can live independent.

… I went into Snow Park. It wasn’t as one expects a municipal park to be …

Relative pronouns who, whom, whose, what, which is used to connect the subject, predicate and object clauses. These pronouns are similar to interrogative but they don’t form interrogative sentences, they used to connect subordinate clauses to the principal clause:

In English	In Uzbek
Who has done it is unknown.	Буни ким қилганлиги номаълум.
I do not know which of them	Мен уларнинг қайси бири
speaks French.	французчагапиришини билмайман.
That is not what I want.	Бу мен истаган нарса эмас.

To connect the attributive relative clause to the relative pronouns who (whom), whose, which is used and they are translated into Uzbek as a simple sentence:

In English	In Uzbek
The man who is sitting next to	Жаноб А. нинг ёнида ўтирган киши
Mr. A. is my English teacher.	менинг инглиз тили ўқитувчим.
The watch that I lost was a good one.	Мен йўқотган соат жуда яхши соат эди.

Who is used to denote person and it is used as a subject in subordinate clause.

In English	In Uzbek
The man who was here is a bookkeeper.	Шу ерда бўлган киши хисобчи эди.

Whom is also used to denote person and it is used as an indirect object:

In English	In Uzbek
There is the man whom we	Биз кеча боғда кўрган
saw in the park yesterday.	киши шу ерда.

Which is used to denote things and animals and it is fulfill the function of a subject or indirect object in subordinate clause:

Thebooks which are on the table must be returned to the library today. (subject).

Стол устида турган китоблар кутибхонага бугун қайтарилиши керак.

He showed me the letter which he had received from his brother. (object).

У акасидан олган хатни менга кўрсатди.

He showed me the skin of the wolf which he had killed.

У ўзи ўлдирган бўрининг терисини менга кўрсатди.

Which is releted not only to any word, but to the whole sentence and it is translated into Uzbek as bu:

In English	In Uzbek
He came to see me off,	У мени кузатгани келди, бу у
which was very kind of him.	томонидан жуда яхши иш бўлди.
I said nothing, which made	Мен хеч нарса демадим, бу
him still more angry.	унинг жахлини кўпроқ чиқарди.

Whose is used to denote living being and it stands before it.

That is the girl whose brother came to yesterday.	Бу кеча акаси бизни кўргани see us келган қиздир.
Do you know the man whose house we saw yesterday?	Биз кеча уйини кўрган кишини биласизми?

Whose is used to denote the lifeless things and it used with preposition to.

In English	In Uzbek
We saw a mountain whose top(=the top of which) was covered with snow.	Биз усти қор билан қопланган тоғни кўрдик.

That is used to denote living beings and lifeless things.

In English	In Uzbek
The article that (which) I translated yesterday was very easy.	Мен кеча таржима қилган мақола жуда осон эди.
Theseare the words that (which) you mispronounce.	Булар сиз нотўғри талаффуз қиладиган сўзлардир.

Rarely when relative pronoun who is used as a subject it is changed into relative pronoun that:

In English	In Uzbek
The man who (that) has written this article is my friend. [12,67].	Бу мақолани ёзган киши менинг дўстим.

Adjectives in the superlative degree, ordinal numerals and after the nouns with all, any, only is used the pronoun that. (not which and not whom):

In English	In Uzbek
This is the best dictionary that I have ever seen.	Бу мен кўрган энг яхши луғат.
Thisis the first composition that he has written in English.	Бу унинг инглиз тилида ёзган биринчи иншоси.
Come at any time that is convenient to you.	Ўзингизга қўлай бўлган пайтда келинг.
I have reat all the books that you gave me.	Мен сиз берган барча китобларни ўқиб чиқдим.

In Modern English in descriptive attributive clause we don’t use that:

His article on this subject, which was published in 1998, was agreat success. Унинг бу сохадаги 1998-йилдаги босилган маколаси катта муваффакиятга эришган.

In English	In Uzbek
My brother, whom I have not seen for a year, just returned to London.	Мен бир йилдан буён кўрмаган акам, хозиргина Лондонга қайтиб келди.

Whom and which is used with prepositions and may fulfill the suntactic function of prepositional object:

In English	In Uzbek
The man about whom we were talking yesterday (=whom we were talking about yesterday) will come at five o’clock.	Биз кеча гапирган одам соат бешда келади.

When the relative pronoun is used as subject the verb is in the same number and person:

In English	In Uzbek
The student who is standing at the window is my brother.	Дераза ёнида турган талаба менинг акамдир.
The students who are standing at the window are my friends.	Дераза олдида турган талабалар талабалар менинг дўстларимдир.
The book that (which) is lying on the table is mine.	Стол устида ётган китоб меники.
The books that (which) are lying оn the table are mine.	Стол устида ётган китоблар мен.

As we see English relative pronouns mostly used to connect the relative clauses and when we translate them into Uzbek they lost their function.

References:

1. Akhmanova O. et.al. Syntax: Theory and Method. Moscow, 1972
2. Ganshina M. A. English Grammar.Higher School Publishing House, 1964
3. Gordon E. M. A Grammar of Present-day English M., 1974
4. Ilyish B. The Structure of Modern English. Leningrad, 1972
5. Quirk R. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London, 1972
6. Rayevska N.M Modern English Grammar. Kiev, 1976