Our article is devoted to the analysis of the types of adverbial modifier of comparison in Modern English and Uzbek. In simple sentences the adverbials used in the function of adverbial modifier of comparison mostly defined as adverbial modifiers of manner (tarz, ravish xoli). However, we can find adverbial modifiers of comparison in simple sentences, idioms, phraseological units besides complex sentences: Boshliq bilan ikkisi do’stlarcha xayrlashdi… — They both (with the boss) parted as friends (do). In Uzbek sentence, in meaning, belongs to the adverbial modifier of manner, but in English it is adverbial modifier of comparison. This is one the unique features of both languages compared.
The adverbial modifiers of comparison are used for comparing things, objects etc. in simple sentences in both languages. Conjunctions introducing them are: than- dan ko’ra,-dan…roq, as- -dek, -day, as…as- … dek, not so as… — day emas, as if-xuddi, as though-xuddi,, like — xuddi …day, kabi etc.
Another isomorphic feature is that in both languages there are some means of expressing comparison, but in English they are all conjunctions, and in Uzbek they are some suffixes and auxiliary words — allomorphic feature.
A mountain is higherthan a hill. Tog’ adirdan ko’ra balandroq.
English conjunction “as” has different meanings besides comparison, while in Uzbek we don’t distinguish other meanings of auxiliary words and suffixes expressing comparison: She replied аs I asked. In this sentence аs I asked has the meaning of comparison, manner, cause and time. (allomorphic feature)
Like all other Forsytes of a certain agethey kept carriages of the own. (Galsworthy) Judice is as white as mud. She's as perfect as sin.And then his wife's face flushed and contracted as though in par.
Hesaw as if visible in the air before himin illuminated figures a whole sum. (London) John plays the piano better than Mary.
If we analyze the adverbials of comparison they can be subdivided into three classes:
a) Adverbials of equality are expressed by means of:
– a noun phrase or an equivalent (pronoun, numeral, non-finite verb), an adjective or an adverb preceded by the conjunction as:
e.g. She is as old as my sister.
It’s as hot as in summer.
He walked as softly as the Ghost of Hamlet.
The conditions were the same as before.
– a NP (or equivalent) preceded by the preposition like
e.g. Like all other Forsytes of a certain age they kept carriages of their own.
The albatross fell off and sank like lead into the sea.
He behaves like a father to her.
It fits him like a glove.
b) Adverbials of unequality are expressed by means of
– a noun phrase or an adverb introduced by than (after a comparative form)
e.g. He went further than the other explorers.
It’s cooler here than upstairs.
Then came another flash of lightning brighter than the other
– a noun phrase or an adverb introduced by as (in correlation with not so/as)
e.g. He is not so bright as his brother.
– a clause
e.g. It’s cooler here than it is upstairs.
c) Adverbials of comparison-concession are expressed by means of a prepositional NP, an adjective or a non-finite verb (infinitive, participle) preceded by the conjunctions as if, as though
e.g. He studied me as though weighing up my points.
He rose as if to leave the room but sat down again.
She cried as if in a terrible danger.
– a clause
e.g. She cried as if she were in a terrible danger.
The word combination as if has many different meanings in English. It can be a conjunction, an exclamation, and slang! In order to avoid any misunderstandings we should know the use and meaning of it in the sentence. So we are going to clear up the different meanings & how to use as if in a sentence.
1. Meaning:
As if is a conjunction. It is used to say how something seems from the information known. It is a more formal way of saying like, and is used in the same way as as though. In all of the following sentences and examples, as if can be replaced with as though and like (in informal conversation).
If we study the types of adverbial modifier of comparison in Modern Uzbek there does not exist the adverbial modifier of comparison in simple sentences, but we can find complex sentences with adverbial clause of comparison. According to our investigation English adverbial modifiers of comparison in some cases give the meaning of adverbial modifier of manner. In Uzbek language instead of calling adverbial modifiers of comparison they are called the adverbial modifiers of manner (ravish xoli). They are introduced by different conjunctions, particles and suffixes. Like in English the sentences with adverbial modifier of comparison in Uzbek express two meanings o’xshatish and qiyoslash (in English both are called comparison).
1)Qiyoslash. In such sentences two actions, manners or events are compared. They are introduced by the auxiliary word ko’ra, and participle forming suffixes
—dek, -day, -gan(da), — guncha. Examples: — Bo’lganim shu! Nima ekanimni cho’qilab, titkilab bilganingizdan ko’ra, o’zim aytib turganim yaxshi emasmi?(A.Qh) Miltig’ini tizzasiga qo’yib, qush mizg’igandek, ozgina mudragan Bektemir enkaygan kallasini birdan ko’tarib ko’zlarini ochdi.(O) Afandi hamma shovqin suron mening choponim ustida deganiday, hozirgi g’alva shavla tufaylidan edi…(O) Qo’yday bo’lib ming yil yashaguncha, Sherday bo’lib bir kun yashamoq afzal. (U)
2)O’xshatish. In sentences the meaning of comparison (o’xshatis) is expressed by the suffixes –dek, -day, the particles go’yo, xuddi, and auxiliary words (ko’makchilar) sari, sayin. Examples: Siddiqjon qip-qizarib, xuddi favqulodda bir narsa borday, ko’zaning ichiga qaradi.(A.Qh) U,xuddi ukasi tashqarida kutib turgandek, qushday uchib chiqdi.(O) — To’rt yuz odim,- javob berdi qozoq jangchisi, go’yo o’zi o’lchab chiqqanday, ikkilanmasdan. (O) Eshon bu haqda o’ylagan sayin, ko’nlidagi gumon haqiqat tusini olar edi.(A.Qh)
In both languages compared we can find the adverbial modifiers of comparison expressed by different ways. They are used in different language units.
References:
- Блох М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Москва «Высшая школа» 1983
- Бўронов Ж. Б. «Инглиз тили ва ўзбек тиллари қиёсий грамматикаси» Т: “Ўқитувчи” 1973
- Muhitdinova A. Sh. Hozirgi zamon o'zbek tili grammatikasi, 2003.
- Rayevskaya N. M. Modern English Grammar. «Visha shkola». Kiyev, 1976
- Rahimov S., Umirqulov B., «Hozirgi o'zbek adabiy tili» Toshkent, 2003 y
